Follow along with the following silly, but illustrative csharp sequence:
csharp> int x = 5, y = 2, z = 1;
csharp> y/x > z && x != 0;
false
csharp> x = 2; y = 5;
csharp> y/x > z && x != 0;
true
The compound condition includes x != 0, so what happens if we change x to 0 and try the condition again. Will you get false?
csharp> x = 0;
csharp> y/x > z && x != 0;
System.DivideByZeroException: Division by zero
...
No, one of the parts involves dividing by zero, and you see the result. What if we swap the two conditions to get the logically equivalent
csharp> x != 0 && y/x > z;
false
Something is going on here besides pure mathematical logic. Remember the final version in IsDigits. We did not need to continue processing when we knew the final answer already. The && and || operators work the same way, evaluating from left to right. If x != 0 is false, then x != 0 && y/x > z starts off being evaluated like false && ??. We do no need the second part evaluated to know the overall result is false, so C# does not evaluate further. This behavior has acquired the jargon short-circuiting. Many computer languages share this feature.
It also applies to ||. In what situation do you know what the final result is after evaluating the first condition? In this case you know:
true || ??
evaluates to true. Continuing with the same csharp sequence above (where x is 0, y is 5, and z is 1):
csharp> x == 0 || y/x > z;
true
The division by 0 in the second condition never happens. It is short-circuited.
For completeness, try the other order:
csharp> y/x > z || x == 0;
System.DivideByZeroException: Division by zero
...
This idea is useful in the Agree function, where you want to deal with the first character in the user’s answer.
In situations where you want to test conditionThatWillBombWithBadData, you want to avoid causing an Exception. When there is good data, you want the result to actually come from conditionThatWillBombWithBadData. There are two cases, however, depending on what result you want if the data for this condition is bad, so you cannot evaluate it:
If you want the result to be false with bad data for the dangerous condition, use
falseConditionIfDataBad && conditionThatWillBombWithBadData
If you want the result to be true with bad data for the dangerous condition, use
trueConditionIfDataBad || conditionThatWillBombWithBadData